Is China going to be the next major city caused the Global warming Essay

Is China going to be the following significant city caused the Global warming - Essay Example China’s financial improvement has been definitely reliant on the utilization of coal for vitality. Vitality utilization and monetary turn of events, and thusly ecological issues in China have been interrelated. Coal is the principle wellspring of vitality and consuming of coal prompts outflow of green house gases. This is the thing that has lead to the negative impacts of China’s financial advancement on an Earth-wide temperature boost. China has outperformed USA as the world’s driving producer of green house gases (Landsberg, 2011). Universally, there has been a steady increment in the interest for vitality. So is the situation with China. As the number of inhabitants in China has been expanding so is its interest for vitality. Likewise the financial development is fuelled by this expansion in the interest for vitality. Financial development is driven by industrialization and this prompts higher vitality utilization. In china, the industrialization procedure is moderately youthful and is required to develop. This implies the effectively high vitality force in China will in any case increment. In this manner, as the financial development bend goes upwards so does the vitality request and thusly vitality utilization. As referenced above, China with its gigantic populace expends tremendous vitality. This tremendous vitality utilization is the essential purpose for China’s negative effect on a dangerous atmospheric devation. ... is the discharge green house gases). As indicated by Zhang Zhongxiang, China’s GDP will go somewhere around 2% if there is a reduction of 10-20% in the green house gases discharge. Likewise there will be a 1.29% expansion in the discharge of the green house gases when there is a 51% expansion in the per capita salary (Yu, 2008). This builds up the hypothesis that China’s financial advancement has lead to a gigantic increment in the discharge of green house gases and thusly prompting an unnatural weather change. Vitality request versatility is a significant factor in breaking down the connection between vitality utilization or request and the monetary turn of events. Vitality request versatility is the proportion of vitality request development to GDP development. From 1978 to 2000, China’s vitality request versatility was under .5. Be that as it may, from 2001 to 2006 it rose to 1.5. This shows how the quick financial advancement is related with higher vitality u tilization. Another significant proof of the connection between China’s financial turn of events and a worldwide temperature alteration is the way that the green house gas outflows had gone up multiple times in 1989 when contrasted with the 1952 emanations and the 2010 discharges is more than twofold the emanations in 1996. China’s monetary advancement has been facing upward since the changes in 1970. Subsequently, there is an unmistakable association between monetary turn of events and an Earth-wide temperature boost (gas emanations) (Hackett, 1998). Netherlands Environment Assessment Agency’s 2006 report discovered that China was currently the significant supporter of the worldwide ozone harming substance emanations. It has now surpassed USA and is the world’s driving producer of green house gases with an edge of 8%. 2007 saw a 2.6% development in the worldwide outflows and China was liable for

The Online Advertising Overview Media Essay

The Online Advertising Overview Media Essay As the nearness of innovation networks into each part of our lives, portable promoting has been perceived by numerous if not all advertisers just like the future, yet is it really? Cell phones have assumed control over our lives in numerous viewpoints. With their capacity to shoot video, take pictures, playing your music library, peruse the web, etc; these new highlights permit advertisers to target purchasers through versatile promotions and portable applications. Over the long haul and innovation develops, new sorts of promoting scenes spring up changing from papers to announcements, TV and radio, and now the web. The writers of a looked explored insightful article examine how, Online promoting has three qualities; simplicity of focusing on; customized substance; and intuitiveness (Dhar, Subhankar, and Upkar Varshney, 356). In contrast with TV or radio publicizing, the web medium permits sponsors to make intelligent ads that can be custom fitted to be customized and focus on the sh oppers direct interests. Be that as it may, with the presentation of new strategies and innovations to the market, it doesn't come without its detriments. Web based Advertising Overview The finish of the twentieth century and the start of 21st were described by fast advancements of specialized devices. Promoting conveyed over the Internet or also called web based publicizing has become a noteworthy wellspring of income for electronic organizations. Web based publicizing is a storm of innovative obliteration (in the expressions of Schumpeter, 1942) sweepin g over the promoting and media scene. Online advertisings humble beginnings started in 1994 when HotWired, a web magazine, offered a pennant advertisement to ATT and showed the promotion on its site page (Kaye and Medoff, 2001). However, since that time, the web based business publicity has grabbed hold, and the spotlight has just proceeded onward to the portable Internet. The new innovation changed the world by altering correspondence when versatile figuring innovation as a specialized instrument was exclusively constrained to phone. Nonetheless, because of digitalization and the combination of media transmission systems and Internet innovation, cell phones have developed to give a similar encounter as full-scale Internet-empowered PCs. The assembly of these innovations gives unlimited prospects to portable registering applications and use. M-promoting is modest and can be exceptionally focused towards someone in particular. The capability of cell phones as immediate promoting apparatuses has not gone unnoticed and sponsors have understood the chance to utilize the portable channel to content data to focused shoppers. In contrast to customary print, TV, or even email promoting, organizations would now be able to reach speci⠬⠁c shopper gatherings or even people, for all intents and purposes anyplace, whenever, and dependent on the physical area of the portable client. What's more, organizations have more information about their customer pool than any other time in recent memory. This gives organizations the chance to arrive at their possibilities when and where it is generally proper fo r the adequacy of a showcasing effort. M-publicizing could no doubt become an amazing new showcasing apparatus empowering organizations to tweak and customize promoting for versatile clients. The Negative Side Effects of Mobile Advertising In spite of the fact that there are different de⠬⠁nitions for the idea of M-promoting, no regularly acknowledged de⠬⠁nition exists. This is on the grounds that very little research is done in the territory of M-publicizing. In the current article M-promoting is alluded to as the sending of electronic commercials (versatile advertisements) to purchasers conveying cell phones. M-publicizing is viewed by numerous individuals as one of the most encouraging and pro⠬⠁table business openings among versatile figuring applications. An ongoing versatile advertising review proposes that about 7% of the portable clients would get versatile advertisements on the off chance that they were applicable. In contrast to (PCs), cell phones commonly are not shared, which takes into consideration exact focusing of promoting to a solitary individual. Also, versatile clients infrequently leave their home without their gadget and use them every now and again for the duration of the day. Acc ordingly a message sent to a cell phone orders the quick consideration of the portable client and might be seen as meddlesome if the message is unforeseen. Versatile publicizing is economical and novel, and can be profoundly focused towards someone in particular. The capability of cell phones as immediate promoting devices has not gone unnoticed and publicists have understood the chance to utilize the versatile channel to content data to focused purchasers. In contrast to conventional print, TV, or even email publicizing, organizations would now be able to reach speci⠬⠁c customer gatherings or even people, for all intents and purposes anyplace, whenever, and dependent on the physical area of the versatile client. Also, organizations have more information about their customer pool than any time in recent memory. This furnishes organizations with the chance to arrive at their possibilities when and where it is generally fitting for the viability of a promoting effort. M-promoting could no doubt become an amazing new showcasing apparatus empowering organizations to alter and customize publicizing for versatile clients. The creators raise the negative symptoms of portable publicizing which incorporate spam mail, SMS instant messages, and security intrusion. The creators proceed to clarify that, Since portable correspondence is seen as a really private method of intercommunication, customers can without much of a stretch have an inclination that their security is attacked (Dhar, 356). The greatest feelings of dread that have emerged as of late are area based promoting by means of GPS empowered cell phones. (Dhar, 356). It isnt an astonishment however that consolidating area data and client information could raise a genuine protection worries for buyers on the grounds that the action of the individual can be followed, which the creators likewise raise. Protection of the purchaser can come in a wide range of resilience levels. Customers these days incline toward notices which are outfitted more towards their inclinations than ones that dont. Email and different kinds of web informing administrations are in many cases the focal point of spam focusing on. An academic article by Evelyne Beatrix Cleff attests that, Unanticipated publicizing messages, normally alluded to versatile spam, are viewed as a type of security infringement (Cleff, 229). Information which is gathered from the market is utilized to make a profile of the buyer and help to classify what that people premiums are. Cleff later states in the article that These practices may prompt an over-gathering of individual information without the best possible usage of individual information security, for example, giving a lot of norms administering the assortment just as the utilization of individual information and tending to issues of protection and exactness (Cleff, 229). Since the vast majority of utilization our cell phones for mainstream informal organizations, for example, Facebook, Twitter or Instagram, our standard of security as changed totally. 50 years back, for instance, everyone would have never longed for setting up their own home telephone number up on a bulletin for all to see. However these days, Facebook clients will post even their places of residence on their profiles and other long range informal communication sites with a great many eyes to see it. Since these promoting strategies meddle into people groups private data, there are quit programs when utilizing these administrations that limit customized publicizing from social event any data from your web based perusing propensities. An announcement made by Cleff raises the point that Consequently, protection fears may not exclusively be restricting the development of m-publicizing, yet may likewise be influencing the legitimacy and fulfillment of client databases and pro⠬⠁les, prompting off base focusing on, squandered exertion, and so on (Cleff, 229). Since online protection has been a tremendous issue, there has been question that as the customer turns out to be increasingly irritated by the nearness of notices on the web. Since truly all significant long range interpersonal communication and online e-tailors give quit projects to their clients, will it have the option to give proceeded with income development in the coming years? Guideline and The Future Guideline in the United States falls under the Federal Trade Comission (FTC) with their Federal Trade Commission Act (FTCA) which shields shoppers from uncalled for rehearses by merchants and advertisers the same. An insightful article in the Texas Law Review by David DeMarco goes indepth on the subject of protection issues identified with web based promoting strategies and ensuing guidelines that accompanies it. He proceeds to clarify that Although e-organizations and Internet clients may contrast about the level of access to gathered data that organizations should give to their clients to confirmation purposes㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ organizations have a convincing enthusiasm for keeping up precise and complete data about their clients (DeMarco, 1042). He goes on later to clarify how there has been a push over the most recent two decades to push for industry self-guideline which is considered by a source in his article to be a miserable disappointment. Since the web is so tremendous and unr egulated by governments, there have been gigantic questions with regards to how customers protection will ever be managed. As indicated by an announcement made by DeMarco, At the center of the self-administrative system sits a sites protection arrangement (DeMarco, 1045). Since sites wont assume liability for your data, who will? Individuals dont acknowledge as they take into account these sites and applications to get to our photographs, contacts, messages, etc, we surrender ourselves to potential lawbreakers that may sneak on the web. As informal communities travel every which way, the protection we surrender wont change. Society today as moved totally because of the web and without guideline, protection or its possibility will turn out to be just a word since all our data

The Scientific Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Scientific Method - Essay Example The message appeared to move from â€Å"don’t drink alcohol† to â€Å"if you savor, drink moderation†. Progressively logical examination really found that devouring a few sorts of liquor with some restraint, for example, one glass of wine for every day, really had sound advantages for the heart. Presently the message changed to â€Å"drinking specific kinds of liquor with some restraint can really be useful for you.† The latest investigations appear to now demonstrate that the utilization of liquor is superfluous to acceptable heart wellbeing. The grapes give the genuine advantage, not the liquor; so drinking a modest quantity of grape juice can render indistinguishable helpful impacts from a glass of wine. These ever-changing messages we get about the utilization of liquor and how it identifies with human wellbeing is a genuine case of what science can and can not do. Following the logical strategy is an incredible method to efficiently address logical in quiries. Be that as it may, Science can't give the entire picture just from one investigation. Different analysts and trials should be led to continually add to our assortment of information. In the long run, a few things may get acknowledged as verification of some idea, however utilizing the logical strategy is no assurance that causality or truth can be built up.

How You Should Be Asking For a Letter of Recommendation

How Many Recommendation Letters Do I Need? Asking the right people is crucial! For many students looking to apply to medical school, asking for a letter ofrecommendation can feel pretty daunting, especially if you’re requesting it frompeople whom you may not have seen for a couple of years. And since you often don’t get to see your letters before submission, this is the part of your application that is least in your control. I remember wondering who the best people to write my letters were, especially coming from an engineering major with not too many ‘traditional’ pre-med biology courses. In this post, I’ll suggest some tips for navigating the recommendation letter process! How Many Recommendation Letters Do I Need? In general, most medical schools require at least 3 letters of recommendation. People generally will submit between 3 and 5 letters, depending on where they are in their educational career (ex. in college, just graduated, well-established professionally). Every so often you will encounter someone who sends 9 recommendation letters as part of their application. This is not necessary! I believe there are 3-4 core letters required for a comprehensive medical school application, with a possible 5th depending on how much you have done since you graduated from college. These letters apply generally if you are within 5 years of your college graduation. If you’re more than 5 years out of school, try to get the college letters if you can, and if not, supplement with the most similarity possible from your career and/or post-baccalaureate program. Recommender #1 Who: Someone from the department of your undergraduate major. Regardless of whether this was Biology or Classical Literature, you spent the majority of your academic undergraduate career in this department, so it is important to have someone who can speak specifically to you as a candidate. When: If you have a specific advisor with whom you meet regularly, it is good to bring up medical school as early as possible. They will probably be expecting you to ask them for a letter, but giving them at least a 3 month window is common courtesy. If you are getting a letter from someone who doesn't already know about your plans, try to let them know about 6 months in advance so you can set up a few meetings to explain your goals to them. How: Make sure to reflect on how your major fits into your medical school plans and share this with this letter writer. This is easier for majors like biology or chemistry, but might be trickier for less 'science-y' majors. Either way, it is important for medical schools to understand your whole educational story. (If you need support clarifying your narrative and deciding on the best way to present yourself, our medical school admissions coaches can help). Recommender #2 Who: Someone who taught one of your pre-medical courses (make sure there is a professor’s name on it, even if it is a TA who writes most of the letter) When: It is important to consider this letter early. Often, premedical prerequisite classes are large, and you might have to do a little legwork to reach a point where you feel comfortable asking for a letter of recommendation. Think about your relationship with your professor as soon as you begin prereq courses. If you feel that they could reflect positively on your work, set up a meeting with them soon after the class ends to let them know. That way, the professors won't be surprised if you are reaching out a few years later. If a freshman or early sophomore year teacher is the one with whom you clicked the most, it is okay to reach that far back as long as your other letters reflect your more recent performance and personality developments. How: Make sure to put in effort to establish a relationship with a prereq professor. Seek them out in office hours, ask questions about exams, and answer questions in discussions. They will be able to write a much more personal (and effective) letter if they know you outside of your grade in the class. Recommender #3 Who:A faculty/senior member involved in one of your extracurricular activities When: If you are involved in the activity through your application process, follow the guidelines from above (give them a 3 month window if they already know you are applying to medical school, and 6 months if they don't know). If you have graduated or the activity ended before you apply, approach this person immediately after you leave so they they know to expect a request. How: Set up a meeting with them and be upfront about the aspects of this activity that you think help support your application's personal narrative. This recommender is in the best position to reflect on your positive traits outside an academic setting, so traits like leadership, organization, and self-motivation could be important things to try to mention. Teamwork and collaboration are also highly valued in medical environments; if you have clear examples of how you worked well in a team, or navigated a group through a tricky time, be able to articulate that clearly. If you have good examples, you can bring these up with this writer during the conversation, and then follow up with an email recapping the list you mentioned. Recommender #4 The fourth letter is completely up to you. As I have alluded to, you want your application to reflect your personal story and the characteristics that support that story. If the first 3 letters encompass the important areas of your story, then there's no reason to add a fourth letterthat might be redundant. If you feel, however, that there is an important part of your story that has been left out, use the fourth letter to cover that topic. For instance, if you completed a minor program or a study abroad that was very influential to your decision to pursue medicine or your future goals, ask a faculty member or supervisor from that program to reflect on your participation. Recommender #5 If you have already graduated from undergrad and have accumulated significant experience post-grad that you think is an important player in your application, consider requesting a 5th letter. Who: Ask someone at a senior level in your post-grad life. If you are working, your boss or immediate supervisor is a good bet. If you’re still a student (ex. in graduate school), ask your most direct mentor. When: These letters will probably be a little easier to obtain than any school ones, since chances are you are still working with your recommender. How: It is still best to ask them in a dedicated meeting, as opposed to casually in an elevator or while walking out the door. Come prepared to the meeting (your resume is the most important to thing to bring! If you have ideas about your personal statement already, bring that too) so that they can directly ask you questions about why you want to go to medical school and what factors you would like for them to emphasize. There is also a lot of confusion regarding what to do AFTER the application process. In general, I don't think elaborate gifts are necessary for all of your recommenders. A nice hand-written note thanking them for their letter and updating them about the outcome of the process will be highly appreciated. It is great for professors to feel that their letter helped a student pursue their next goal. Do you have any questions about how to approach professors and potential recommenders? Feel free to reach out to us here, and we’ll get back to you soon. For more relevant reading, check out these other blog posts, written by our admissions coaches: X, Y, Z. Looking to work with Nikita Saxena? Feel free to get in touch! Cambridge Coaching offers private in-person tutoring in New York City and Boston, and online tutoring around the world. ;

Job Satisfaction Is Defined As The Positive Feeling Felt...

Job Satisfaction Job Satisfaction is defined as the positive feeling felt by an individual about a job which results from and evaluation of the job’s characteristics (Robbins Judge, 2013). With an understanding of job satisfaction we will look at and describe the issues of three individuals and their three different jobs. Describing their job satisfactions, dislikes, and how all this relates to their performances on the job. The three different jobs that are presented for consideration of job satisfaction are an accountant position where Maria works, a Quality Control Manager for an insurance company, and this is where Darell works, and finally we have a Retail Store Manager for an outdoor company where Mike works. All three of these jobs have characteristics that can contribute to increased levels of job satisfaction. All three of these jobs offer plenty of hours of work. This can lead to job stability and increase the affective commitment that a person might have toward a job (Milligan, 2014). Maria’s job as an accountant gives her job satisfaction because she has intellectual abilities that allow her to do mental thinking and reasoning. It could also be presumed that the Quality Control Manager and the Retail Store Manager have the same intellectual abilities. For the Quality Control Manager position the opportunity to travel all over the United States could produce job satisfaction. Finally th e position of the retail manager that Mike possesses gives job satisfactionShow MoreRelatedJob Satisfaction Among Library It Workers1073 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This research study looks at job satisfaction among library IT workers as it related to demographic, socioeconomic, and other work-related variables. 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It is also the work a manager performs to induce subordinates to act in the desired manner by satisfying their needs and desires. It is concerned with how behaviour gets started, is energized, sustained and directed towards attaining a goal. It is characterizedRead MoreEmployees : Attitudes And Job Satisfaction1463 Words   |  6 PagesEmployees: Attitudes and Job Satisfaction What is attitude? Attitude can be defined as a reflection of how we feel about people, places, or things. It s an expression of like and dislikes based on the values or beliefs that an individual holds. Research suggest that attitude can be structured in terms of three component called the ABC Model: affective, behavioral, and cognitive. The affective component involves a person s feeling and emotion. For example: I hate my job. Behavioral is the actionRead MoreOrganization Behavior Midterm Quiz930 Words   |  4 Pagesskill involves the capacity to analyze and solve complex and interrelated problems? Answer Selected Answer: Conceptual Correct Answer: Conceptual . Question 4 .4 out of 4 points Correct An individual who helps others achieve high levels of both performance and satisfaction is a(n): Answer Selected Answer: effective manager. Correct Answer: effective manager. . Question 5 .4 out of 4 points Correct __________ in organizations emphasizes appreciation of differencesRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotions On The Workplace Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pageswithin an organization and how they can positively or negatively affect individuals. Components of emotions, such as emotional labor, affective events theory (AET), and emotional intelligence (EI) will be discussed in further detail in efforts to support the evidence that emotions are relevant in the workplace. An emotion can be defined as a brief, but intense reaction to an event that can cause a positive or negative feeling (Bauer Erdogan, 2012). These experienced emotions can influence a person’s

Does Media Influence Adolescent Girls Into Having Negative...

October 24,2010 Does the Media Cause Individuals to Develop Negative Body Images? The influence the media has upon all of society can have positive and negative effects on the public. The effect the media has on adolescent girls in regard to body image has had negative impacts, such as an obsession with body weight and what the society views as the â€Å"perfect body†. The media can be seen as partly responsible for the pressure adolescent females’ face in consideration to body issues. These pressures could be responsible for adolescent girls developing serious eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, which are two serious eating disorders which are affecting adolescent girls. A child, (Body image problems, eating†¦show more content†¦83). In one major American survey of over 500 adolescent girls aged 9-16, nearly 70% believed magazine pictures influenced their idea of the ideal body shape, and 47% of the same example wished to lose weight as a result (Clay, Vignoles amp; Dittmal, 2005). Harrison and Hefner undertook a study in 2006 which looked at â€Å"The media exposure, current and future body ideals and disordered eating among preadolescent girls† and believe an internalization of the thin body is to blame for eating disorders among women and adolescent girls, and is beginning to affect preadolescent girls (Harrison amp; Hefner, 2006). They define internalization as ‘the extent to which an individual cognitively accepts the thin societal standard of attractiveness as her own personal standard and engages in behavior designed to help her meet that standard’. As implicated by Thompson et al (as cited by Harrison amp; Hefner, 2011) a critical risk factor in the development of disordered eating. E xtreme dieting and exercising aimed at weight loss are done in the service of an internalized thin body ideal that has been learned via exposure to social sources exposing that ideal, one of which according to Harrison and Hefner is theShow MoreRelatedMedia Impact On Body Image1254 Words   |  6 Pagesimpact of media models on children’s and adolescents’ body image? Over recent times, the media has become a prominent part in the upbringing of young people. In particular the manner by which the media portrays body image has changed in numerous ways. Body image is defined as â€Å"a person’s perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about his or her body† by Grogan (as cited in Zaccagni, Masotti, Donati Gualdi-Russo, 2014). There is a stronger focus of what is considered to be the perfect body type andRead MoreResearch Paper on the Effects of Mass Media on the Perfect Body Image1569 Words   |  7 Pagesyou determine what body image should be? 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With Photoshop being the societal norm concerning the media, it has become difficult for many to understand where the line between real and near impossible standards lies. Youths see an image edited to â€Å"perfection† and strive to reach the standards that they imagine due to the images displayed on magazines, television and social media. From Disney to magazinesRead MoreNegative Body Image Essay945 Words   |  4 PagesBody Image: Refers to the feelings people have about the way their bodies look. These feelings extend to how people believe others see them. Body image is commonly focused on the basic exterior physical appearance of people’s physique, facial features, body shape, hair color/texture, and skin color. People can have a positive body image or a negative one. People who have a negative body image often experience mental and physical health issues, and long-lasting negative self-perception can lead

A Prior Study Of The Region Is Necessary †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The A Prior Study Of The Region Is Necessary? Answer: Introduction In the month of September, a field project will be conducted in the city of Greater Geelong by the unit. For this reason, a prior study of the region is necessary. The main aim of this study is thus to analyze the socio-spatial pattern in Geelong, Victoria. Description and Analysis To study and analyze the socio-spatial patterns in Geelong, data set is necessary. Here, the data is collected from the 2016 Census data of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (Abs.gov.au, 2017). The 2016 census data for the Local Government Area (LGA) of the Greater Geelong Area has been collected. The main unit of research here is the religious diversity in the city of Greater Geelong. From the whole census data, the data on religion has been extracted. The main aim here is to check the religious diversity of the people in Greater Geelong. The graph below (figure 1) shows the distribution of religion in the city of Greater Geelong. Figure 1: Regional Diversity in Greater Geelong It can be seen from the Census data, that most of the people in the region of Greater Geelong do not belong to any particular religion as described by the people. The highest bar in the graph (figure 1) shows that it is almost 33.6 percent of the population of Greater Geelong who do not belong to any religion. Moreover, the next highest bar shows that 25.4 percent of the population is catholic. Nearly 10.8 percent of the population is Anglican (Church of England) and only 5.2 percent of the population belong to the uniting church. It can be seen that quite a large proportion of the residents are not comfortable in disclosing their religion. This includes almost 9.4 percent of the population. It can also be seen from this distribution that 41 percent of the population of Greater Geelong are Christians. There are no other religions such as Presbyterian, Buddhists, Islam, Greek Orthodox, Baptist or Hindus. Thus, from here, it can be said that the city is not much diverse in religions. It has been known that Australia is a country with huge religious diversity. This is mainly because of the extensive area of the country and the vast geological differences (Griffiths 2015). People from various parts of the world come to Australia and settle there for various reasons. But most of them settle in the mail cities so that the residence is close to their work place (McKim 2015). This leaves the suburbs to mostly the main citizens of the country. Moreover, it can be seen that the suburbs are quite scarcely populated. Thus, this may be the reason for the city of Geelong nit be diverse in religion. Conclusion From the analysis described above, it can be said that the city of Geelong has not been found to be diverse in religion. This is mainly because the people of other religion who come from other countries mostly prefer to settle in the cities so that it is close enough to their workplace. The country is planning to increase its immigrants in the upcoming years (Dow, Cuypers and Ertug 2016). Thus, it will not be much long before the whole country becomes a religious and culturally diversified country. References Abs.gov.au. (2017).Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Government. [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/. Dow, D., Cuypers, I.R. and Ertug, G., 2016. The effects of within-country linguistic and religious diversity on foreign acquisitions.Journal of International Business Studies,47(3), pp.319-346. Griffiths, P.J., 2015.Problems of religious diversity. John Wiley Sons. McKim, R., 2015.Religious ambiguity and religious diversity. Oxford University Press.

Lifting of Corporate Veil free essay sample

Lifting or Piercing the Corporate Veil is a Legal process or proceedings taken to uncover the common shield in respect of any suspicious event happened or to be happened or on the basis of allegation made or to be made against the Company. This piercing process can be compared to a person lifting the curtain of a Drama Stage to know what is actually happening without being the drama commenced. Piercing the Corporate Veil is a Premeditated process with an intention to curtail the unfair advantage enjoyed on forming of a Company. Merits on Incorporating a Company. Incorporating a Company is always preferred by active entrepreneurs than commencing a Partnership firm or sometimes a sole proprietorship. The major boons of incorporating a Company are: 1. Limited Liability. Almost all the Companies are started with limited liability status. A Company with Limited Liability indicates that a Members’ loss in a Company is only up to the value of his shares or loan made, if any thing unfortunate happens to the Corporate. We will write a custom essay sample on Lifting of Corporate Veil or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Personal Assets or earnings of Director or the Officer will never be put at risk. But if the event is a fraud or anything outside the purview of the Memorandum of Association (which means â€Å"Ultra Vires†) the Directors or â€Å"Officers in Default† {Section 5 of Companies Act} will be held for Personal Liability. 2. Protection of Name: The Company’s name will be protected immediately once it is approved by â€Å"Registrar of Companies† (herein after called as â€Å"ROC†). There will be no chance of another Company being started with the same name or even identical to the Companies Name. Whilst in the case of a Partnership Firm or Sole Proprietorship Concern, the name can be only protected by a Trademark Registration. 3. Existence. As an old proverb indicates, â€Å"Members may come and go, but the Company exists forever† is the gist of the Company formation. The Company will disappear only after the complicated winding up and liquidation process under the Specific order from Registrar of Companies or any other appropriate authority. 4. Raising Funds: There are not too many better options otherwise than incorporating the Company to raise funds for expansion of the markets for its products, commencing a new business, enter into a global market etc. Initially a Company will be floated as a Private Company (with a limit of 50 shareholders) and after rooting its base in the market, it may proceed with an Initial Public Offer to become a Public Company and gets listed in the Stock Exchange within 21 days of the closure of Public Offer (Usual Routine). A Company can also raise loan on its assets by creating a Charge (Fixed or Fluctuating) in favour of a Bank (Secured Creditor after Charge is being created) which is a very simple process done through MCA portal where the ROC is intimated by filing Form-8. 5. Taxation Benefits. The Taxation part is the most fruitful of all the benefits enjoyed by the Company. The Company’s liability for tax when compared to partnership firms and sole proprietorship concern is very limited. A corporate is blessed with so many deductions and other tax allowances which can be charged against the profits of the Company which limits the liability to pay tax. When Companies began to show Nil Total Income after their tax planning, Section 115JB was introduced in the Income Tax Act vide Finance Bill 2002, which articulates Minimum Alternate Tax whereby a minimum tax obligation was put on the Company which is charged against their Book Profits. Rising of Lifting the Corporate Veil concept. Any Company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956, can enjoy all the fruits and permitted to do all the acts under the Laws of the land. But if the Companies start to get pleasure from other undue benefits prejudicial to the corporate habitat, the Lifting of Corporate of Veil concepts come into the picture. 1. Regular Company Law formalities are not followed. The Companies are required to abide with certain compliance formalities such as convening of Board Meetings and General Meetings, Filing of Balance Sheets with the RoC, filing Income Tax Return etc. When these regular formalities are not met or complied invariably, with/without any reason, legal actions may be initiated for piercing the corporate veil. 2. Disinvestment and Diversion of Funds. On some occasions directors may on their discretion, having the controlling stake may opt to disinvest or divert the funds without intimating the Shareholders. Such disinvestments or diversion of funds may adversely affect the financial stability of the Company in general and the interests of the stake holders in specific which invites the court to pierce the corporate veil of the Company. 3. Seasonal Non Payment/Excessive Payment of Dividend. Non payment or excessive payment of dividend to the shareholders may sometimes bring suspicions on other stakeholders or legal/governmental authorities for which lifting corporate veil proceedings get attracted. 4. Alter Ego concept. The Company being blessed with so many merits, will be floated and all regularities will be done at the initial stages so as to make it appear as an active company. But later, the alter ego of the Directors gradually starts visible and will occupy the driver’s seat of the company. When it is felt that there are some discrepancies being done placing Company as a shadow/mask, lifting corporate veil of the Company becomes indispensable. 5. Fraudulent Motive. When the judiciary feels that when there is any fraudulent activities are going on in a Company or there is a chance such malpractices, the Court has all the powers to pierce the corporate veil. 6. Enemy Character. At any time, if any Country has become the alien enemy (War has been declared against another Company), the Court has the authority to pierce the corporate veil so as to analyze the Shareholding and other management and fiduciary interests of the Alien Company in that Company to protect the General Interests. 7. Tax Regulation. If any tax legislation insists the appropriate authority to pierce the Corporate Veil, the Court would not mind the Separate Legal personality of the Company and proceed with digging the core of the formation and other commotions of that Company. Some Celebrated Case Laws related with Lifting the Corporate Veil of the Company: 1. Salomon Vs Salomon (1897) In this case, Mr. Saloman was dealing with shoe business. The Kingdom of Britain then enacted a statute providing for the incorporation of businesses and a corporation then had to have at least seven shareholders. Mr. Salomon formed a corporation, with all seven shareholders being members of his family. The business of the corporation eventually went under, leaving considerable unpaid debts and ever branching liabilities. The creditors argued in court that the shareholders should be liable for the debts of the corporation, because they were all related to Old Man Salomon, and that the corporation was set up a mere sham. The court held in favour of the shareholders, Old Man Salomons relatives. The fact that the shareholders were all related to Old Man Salomon was irrelevant in determining that the corporation legitimately existed as a separate entity, and thus the individual shareholders were not held liable for the corporations debts. This case law in a narrow aspect does not have any relevance with regard to Piercing Corporate Veil concept. But this judgment was taken as a trump card to taste the cream of formation of Companies. 2. Gilford Motor Company Vs Horne: In this case, the Court disregarded the judgment of Salomon Vs Salomon, questioning the distinct legal personality of a Company. Mr. Horne was an ex-employee of Gilford Motor Company and as per the terms of the employment, he should not solicit any of the Company’s customers. In order to defeat this provision, Mr. Horne incorporated a Company in his wife’s name and solicited all the customers for which the Company brought up action against him. The Court analyzed the motive of incorporating the limited Company and it was ipso facto found that the Company’s main purpose was to perpetrate the fraud. 3. Jones Vs Lipman This case is similar to Gilford Motor Company Vs. Horne. Here, Lipman entered into contract with Jones to sell his land. Later, Lipman changed his mind and transferred the property to a Company in order to avoid Specific Performance. But it was held that the Company as well as the transfer of property was only acting as a mask to avoid recognition by the eye of equity. 4. Edwards Company Inc Vs Monogram Company Inc: Monogram Industries acquired Entronic Corporation in the field of production of smoke detectors. Monogram made its purchases through its wholly owned subsidiary name Monotronics. Monotronics then entered a Limited Liability Partnership with Entronic Company and acted as a General Partner. In the course of the business, Edwards Inc granted loan worth $ 350,000 to Entronic Corporation which it could not ply went the market slashed. However, Monotronics, being a General Partner could repay a part of the loan worth $ 10,000 from its estate to Edwards Company. But, Edwards filed a suit against Monogram Industries for the recovery of the debt against Entronics, an attempt to pierce its corporate veil on the basis of the following grounds: a. The Board of Directors, Office and Contact numbers of Monotronics and Monograms are same. b. Monotronics was only a piece of paper or a dummy company as far as Monograms is concerned. But, the Honourable Court analyzed that: 1. There was nothing to prove or insist the court to order for lifting the corporate veil as there was no fraudulent act or injustice shown from the Company/Companies to escape from the liabilities. 2. There was no lack of separate existence of the 2 Companies. 3. There was no violation of any corporate formalities. 4. There was also no co-mingling of money and under capitalization in both the Companies. Taking in view of the above analysis, the Court quashed the suit filed by Edwards Company against the Monogram Group. Conclusion: It is always fruitful for active and vibrant entrepreneurs to expose their skills and respond to the changing environment by incorporating a Company. The Incorporation of such a corporate must be in the true spirit of law. Once the Company is floated, in spite of enjoying all the merits, it also has to comply with all the procedural and legal formalities. A Director of a Company must be also aware of Section 322 of Companies Act, 1956 which makes their liability unlimited. In the Era of Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility, the chance for lifting the Corporate Veil may not arise, but there are cases of â€Å"Fly by Night Entrepreneurs† and â€Å"Vanishing Companies† after the Initial Public Offer even after SEBI has framed vide variety of Guidelines for protecting investors and other stakeholders. In Taxation words, this can be compared with Tax Planning and Tax Evasion where the essence depends upon the intention of the assessee whether to apply all the loopholes available in the law or by pass the boundaries for unjust enrichment.

Author Scams and Publishing Companies to Avoid

Author Scams and Publishing Companies to Avoid Authors Beware: Scams and Publishing Companies to Avoid Becoming a published author is a fantasy shared by almost all writers. And as with almost any widely-shared ambition, there are also folks out there looking to make a quick buck by exploiting those dreams - whether they involve securing a book deal or going the indie publishing route.The publishing world has its fair share of scammers and disreputable companies. At Reedsy, we regularly hear from authors who, despite being well-informed and educated people, have fallen prey to these scammers. In this post, we’ll take a closer look at common writers scams and show you how to identify the publishing companies to avoid on your journey to publication.If you are wondering about the legitimacy of a certain company, leave us a comment below or drop us a line at service@reedsy.com.  We'll get back to you right away. Authors beware! Do you know the most common publishing scams? Vanity Pressesâ€Å"Oh, my! There’s a publisher who wants to release my book!†Not all publishers are created equal. For every Random House, there is some guy in a random house, convincing authors that they hold the key to publishing success. But before you sign on the dotted line, stop for a second and ask yourself and look at what they’re offering. What is a vanity press and why are they bad? Most reputable publishers share the same business model: the publisher acquires the rights to publish and distribute the book by paying the author an advance. The publisher will then cover the costs of editorial, design, and marketing. Once the book is published, the author will receive a royalty of every copy sold (after the author’s total royalties have covered the advance).

UNIT 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

UNIT 5 - Essay Example When management carries out its duties effectively by attaining desired results, then that defines doing things the right way. On the other hand, when management does things efficiently, that is accomplishing set goals in the required way, then that is doing the right thing. Setting measurable goals such as budgets and production levels gives the manager a chance to analyze reasons for missing certain goals. Reasonable and measurable goals help managers to expose reasons that results into struggles of working staff. In addition, measurable goals help in preventing miscommunication among members of the organization. Without measurable goals, employees morale decreases because staff members feel that they work without direction. It, therefore, is through setting up of measurable goals that employees prove to their managers their worth and goals. Every project goal has its critical dimensions. Three of these critical dimensions include cost, scope and schedule of the project in question. For any project, the manager must put into consideration cost of materials that the entire project may require. Secondly, the required release date of the project makes it necessary for a manager to treat schedule with significance (Sanzo et al.,  2012). Finally, project managers also need to take care of the project scope. Project scope involves performance requirements and any other set features in the project goal. The most common types of project manager’s charts are the PERT Chart and Gantt chart. Both PERT and Gantt charts help managers to plan their projects in a manner that enables the project team to visualize the project as a whole or in part (Bowen, 2014). However, PERT and Gantt display varied contrasts. Gantt charts describe tasks dependencies, onset and ending times for project tasks while PERT charts describe parallel activities and that are sequential. Gantt charts mainly depict simple related tasks whereas PERT charts focus on

Red Star The First Bolshevic Utopia is a dystopia rather than a utopia Essay

Red Star The First Bolshevic Utopia is a dystopia rather than a utopia because martian people exploited all their planets's resouces and planned to erradicate and colonize on another planet - Essay Example In addition, the novel is radical in nature in that, it shows how readers of utopia may consider a success; yet do not understand what the author meant (Aldridge 23-24). The red star written in 1905, at that time, socialism had already existed for several years in Mars in that, the inhabitants of Mars had sent expeditions to earth with the hopes of creating contacts between the two civilizations. It is interesting to note that the Martians feared cementing their relationship with people from the earth, so they decided to find earthling with good advanced and flexible constitution to hijack and take them back to Mars in order to acquaint him with the Martian civilization and culture, and at the end, return him to earth as their emissary. Their emissary, Leonid is convinced of the significance of the mission for which the Martians have picked him and on his expedition, he learns the Martians culture and history. While touring the schools, factories, museums and research institutions of Mars, Leonid is convinced that the Martian people were superior to those people on earth. He is convinced of the superiority of socialism over the capitalism that still reigns on Earth (Bognadov 16-18). The tour of Mars is used to express the maturity of socialist society including advanced science, planned economy and collectivism. Further, Leonid realizes that in Mars, there is no distinction between sexes. During his stay in Mars, Leonid realized that the Martian people do not harbor good intentions towards his native planet in contrary to what he thought. The Martian people planned an invasion of the Earth and extermination of its people in order to exploit their natural resources. The red star is used to represent the Russian workers with visible model for their revolutionary strivings. On the other hand, in Mars, at first glance, it does not appear to be a socialist utopia in that, most of the objectives of the Europeans has been accomplished

God and Philosophy Essay Example for Free

God and Philosophy Essay Many philosophers will say that God plays an important role in a persons mental being. Others will argue that he doesnt and that we decide by our own mentality. The three thinkers that will be discussed in this paper made a large impact in the philosophical world with their theories and reasons. Descartes, Kant, and Hume are all important players in the world of philosophy, but according to other philosophers, so is God. Rene Descartes, a noted French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, coined the Latin phrase Cogito ergo sum (I think, therefore I am). He refused to accept the scholastic and Aristotelian traditions that had dominated philosophical thought throughout the medieval period (www. iep. utm. edu). He frequently contrasted his views with those of his predecessors. In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of Gods act of creation. In 1641, he wrote Mediations on First Philosophy, which he employed a method called methodological skepticism; where he doubts any idea that can be doubted. God, in Descartes metaphysics, is the bridge from the subjective world of thought to the objective world of scientific truth. The mind, owing its existence to God, is innately programmed with certain ideas that correspond to reality; hence the importance, in Descartes system, of proving the existence of God, the perfect guarantor of our ideas, so that the mediator can move from isolated flashes of cognition to systematic knowledge of the nature of reality (Cottingham, 31). In Meditations, he mentions the idea of a benevolent God. Because God is benevolent, he can have some faith in the account of reality his senses provide with a working mind and sensory system and does not desire to deceive him; however, this is a continuous argument, as his very notion of a benevolent God from which he developed this argument is easily subject to the same kind of doubt as his perceptions (www. wikipedia. com). Descartes sought to retain the belief in the existence of innate ideas together with an acceptance of the values of data and ideas derived from an experience. Next up is Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher that held that there is an objective moral law. Most philosophers view morality very differently. Some think there is an objective moral law, but that it depends on Gods will. Others thought morality was to do with reason, but that the reasoning was all about how to promote some objective, like ones own happiness of welfare of society (Walker, 5). Kant rejected these ideas, because morality is depending on something outside itself- Gods will. Kant inquired whether it could be possible to ground synthetic ? a priori knowledge for a study of metaphysics, because most of the principles of metaphysics from Plato through Kants immediate predecessors made assertions about the world or about God or about the soul. Kants works of 1755 reveal more of his originality and his enduring themes. Universal Natural History, deriving the present state of the planets from postulated initial conditions by reiterated applications of the laws of Newtonian mechanics, manifests not only Kants commitment to those laws, for which he was subsequently to seek philosophical foundations, but also his commitment to thoroughly naturalistic explanations in science, in which God can be the initial source of natural laws but never intervenes within the sequence of physical causes. Kant still holds that the existence of God can be proved as a condition of the possibility of any reality. Finally, Kant further develops his argument that scientific explanation cannot allow divine intervention in the sequence of events, and that God must be seen only as the original ground of the laws of nature. The existence of God is therefore to Kant a necessary assumption for what he sees to be an objectively valid morality. Lastly, David Hume, British philosopher, is considered one of the most influential religious philosophers. Hume questioned the process of inductive thinking, which had been the hallmark of science. He criticized the standard proofs for Gods existence, traditional notions of Gods nature and divine governance, the connection between morality and religion, and the rationality of belief in miracles. He also advanced theories on the origin of popular religious beliefs, grounding such notions in human psychology rather than in rational argument or divine revelation. For Hume, all objects of human reason are divided into two kinds: Relations of Ideas and Matters of fact. All reasoning of matters of fact is founded on Cause and Effect. Cause and Effect play a big role in Humes philosophy. Hume wrote The Natural History of Religion in 1757. Its main theme is the causes and consequences of the religious development of mankind from polytheism to monotheism. Belief in a god or gods is not natural like belief in an external world, since there are races in which it is not to be found (Quinton, 52). Contrary to many critiques Hume does believe that there is a God, however he does not believe that God is all greatness like society commonly assumes and accepts. Hume argues that because one sees an effect that doesnt mean that we can automatically know or assume its cause. This argument can be used to explain the creation of the world. As influential as Hume was, he remains an academic skeptic, making the reasonable judgments of an ordinary life, regardless of lack of academic knowledge. God played an important role in every philosophers thinking. They either tried to provide proof that he does or does not exist, or tried to decipher why so many people followed a man whom they have never even met. Nevertheless, God played an important role in Kants, Descartes, and Humes philosophical thinking. Works Cited Burnham, Douglas and James Fieser. Rene Descartes (1596-1650). The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2005. http://www. iep. utm. edu/d/descarte. htm. Cottingham, John. Descartes. New York, Rutledge: 1999. Quinton, Anthony. Hume. New York, Rutledge: 1999. Rene Descartes. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Descartes. Walker, Ralph. Kant. New York, Rutledge: 1999.

Louis Armstrong Essay -- essays research papers fc

Louis Armstrong's Influential Career Louis Armstrong’s Influential Career Louis Armstrong was the most successful and talented jazz musician in history. His influence and expansive career continues to make waves in the jazz world. That is what made him become what he is to many today – a legend. Born on August 4, 1901, in the poorest section of New Orleans, Armstrong grew up with his grandparents due to his parents’ separation. On January 1, 1913 he made a mistake which turned out to be the best thing that ever happened to him. At a New Year’s celebration in downtown New Orleans, Louis Armstrong, also known as â€Å"Satchmo† and â€Å"Satch†, fired a pistol into the air and was placed in the Colored Waifs’ Home. It was there that he was introduced to Peter Davis – the brass band leader who taught him how to play the cornet (Brown 17). Soon after he began playing, Armstrong was made leader of the band – something he was extremely proud of. In June of 1914, Ar mstrong was free to leave the Waifs’ Home. He was hired by various cabarets throughout the city, as well as for picnics, dances, and funerals. It was at one of these places that he was spotted by the famous Joe ‘King’ Oliver. King Oliver found Armstrong stand-in slots at orchestras and other venues. In 1918, he was offered the vacant seat left by Oliver in the band the Brown Skinned Babies. Kid Ory, leader of the band, once said that after Louis joined them he, â€Å"†¦improved so fast it was amazing. He had a wonderful ear and a wonderful memory. All you had to do was hum or whistle a new tune to him and he’d know it right away† (Boujut 21). At the end of 1918 Armstrong married Daisy Parker, a prostitute he had met at a dance hall that he played on Saturday nights. The marriage ended only four years later due to her beating him regularly (Bergreen 87). Louis Armstrong was hired in May of 1919 to play on a riverboat that traveled the Mississipp i River from New Orleans to St. Louis. Armstrong soon became very popular in St. Louis and was in high demand (Collier 124). Two and a half years later, he was thrown off the riverboat and fired due to a fight. After returning to New Orleans, he received a telegram from King Oliver in Chicago. It was an invitation to join The Creole Jazz Band – an offer Armstrong couldn’t refuse. The Jazz Band cut it’s first record in the spring of 1923 and toured throughout Illinois, Ohio,... ...s he starred in which shared the same title. For the next seven years of his life he was in and out of the hospital due to heart and kidney problems. On July 6th, 1971, Louis Armstrong died of a lung infection and heart complications. His last wish, that his trumpet be buried with him, was granted. Louis Armstrong influenced almost all aspects of jazz technique and style. He was the first to improvise and elaborate on a given melody. This technique has since been attempted and copied time and time again. Armstrong introduced a freedom to music that continues to impact popular music (Sadie 601). Without this American genius music would not be what it is today. Bibliography Works Cited Bergreen, Lawrence. Louis Armstrong: An Extravagant Life. New York: Broadway, 1997. Boujut, Michel. Louis Armstrong. New York: Rizzoli, 1998. Brown, Sandford. Louis Armstrong. New York: Watts, 1993. Collier, James Lincoln. Louis Armstrong: An American Genius. New York: Oxford, 1983. Crouch, Stanley. â€Å"Louis Armstrong.† Time 8 Aug. 1998: 170. Sadie, Stanley. ed. â€Å"Louis Armstrong.† The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 6th ed. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan, 1995. Word Count: 1246

Explain the Biological Mechanisms by Which Stress Can Induce Depressive Behaviour

Explain the biological mechanisms by which stress can induce depressive behaviour. Introduction Depressive behaviour is a core feature of several major psychological disorders, most obviously major depression (MD) and depressive episodes of bipolar depression (BP). Depression is also frequently found to be co-morbid with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and with anxiety-related disorders (e. g. social phobia or OCD). Depression is the biggest major risk factor for self-harm and suicide, thus posing a real clinical problem to try to understand and reverse the mechanisms involved.Traditional anti-depressant treatment has only shown a modest benefit to placebos in treating the disorder; therefore, more effective drugs that target the right biological mechanisms are imminently needed. The majority of experimental research in the area has used rodents to test medication and model known psychopathological aspects of depression in humans, such as learned helplessness, cognitive def icits and increased co-morbidity with anxiety-related behaviours. There are many factors that may explain why some people (around 16% of the population) will experience a depressive episode in their lifetime and others won’t.Genetic vulnerability and epigenetic changes, psychosocial support, socioeconomic status or even climate-related factors all have to be considered in considering the right treatment for individual cases. Whilst the causal link between many of these and the onset of depression is somewhat inconclusive, the strong association between chronic mild stress (CMS) and depressive behaviour is now a huge area of research, resulting in the stress-induced model of depression.Even where there is evidence for the role of genes in depression, such as allele variants for the 5-HTT promoter region, it is shown to vary as a function of exposure to stressful life events. The mechanisms by which environmental stressors can lead to depressive behaviour have been explored tho roughly, with a strong focus on the role of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and its dysfunction in depression. The consequent rise in levels of the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol, following HPA activation, has been shown to become chronic increased in depressed patients.This is thought to be due to the development of glucocorticoid resistance, whereby high levels of cortisol are present in the bloodstream and peripheral tissue but negative feedback to shut down the HPA axis no longer works. Due to the numerous roles of cortisol within the body, several biological processes may be affected as a consequence of CMS that may lead to depressive behaviour. Direct and indirect effects of HPA dysfunction include changes in immune response, neuronal damage, decreased rates of neurogenesis and the serotonin pathways.These processes tend to interact and exacerbate one another; therefore, understanding each proposed biological mechanism of stress-induced depression and their impa ct upon each other is likely to lead to a better treatment outcome. Acute Stress and the HPA Axis The experience of acute mild stress is a normal and adaptive process, triggered by an environmental ‘stressor’ deemed to be potentially harmful. From an evolutionary perspective, this serves to protect the individual from danger via activation of the sympathetic nervous system, preparing the individual for ‘fight or flight’ mode.Stress, as well as input from the amygdala, hippocampus and midbrain, directly activates the ‘stress response’ via the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The first immediate response is the release of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus, which travels to the pituitary where it binds to CRH Receptor 1 (CRHR1). CRH can also act directly on other brain regions, e. g. the amygdala at this early stage. CRH1 activation stimulates the release of adrenocorticotrophin release hormone (ACTH), which tr avels via the bloodstream to the kidneys, stimulating the delayed release of the glucocorticoid (steroid) cortisol.Cortisol acts throughout the body in all cells, via binding to cytoplasmic glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (GR and MR) (see Figure 1). Figure 1: Cortisol can pass through the cell membrane due to its lipophillic properties. Binding of cortisol to the GR complex in the cytoplasm causes dissociation of GR from the complex, resulting in an active GR monomer. Two GRs then dimerise to form a GR dimer. This can act as a transcription factor in itself by attaching to Glucocorticoid Binding Elements (GBE), or it can interact with other Hormone Binding Elements and transcription factors to initiate gene transcription. http://jimlund. org/blog/? m=200910] A rise in cortisol levels, alongside CRH, leads to adaptive changes in behaviour, cognition and immune function. Importantly, this rise is followed by a negative feedback loop of cortisol and CRH acting upon its o wn receptors (NC3R1 and CHR2, respectively) to shut down the HPA axis once the ‘threat’ has been resolved. This homeostatic mechanism terminates the production of any more CRH and therefore brings cortisol levels back to baseline (pre-stressor), vital for returning the individual back to a normal ‘resting’ state.It is this negative feedback mechanism which has been shown to be disrupted in patients with depression. Chronic Stress and Glucocorticoid Resistance In a situation of CMS, the prolonged activation of the HPA axis leads to abnormally elevated cortisol levels. However, chronically elevated cortisol can be dangerous, due to its role in suppressing the immune system and increasing vulnerability to infection. It is possible that in order to counteract the constant influx of circulating cortisol causing potentially unwanted downstream effects, GRs in lymphocytes become unresponsive or resistant to glucocorticoids.This dysfunction of GRs is typically seen in depressed patients and has been shown numerous times using the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Dexamethasone (a synthetic glucocorticoid) mimics cortisol by binding to GRs and shutting down HPA activity in healthy controls. Therefore, dexamethasone-treated individuals have almost no detectable cortisol over the course of the following day. On the other hand, in depressed patients, the DST doesn’t show any significant repression of HPA activity.Whilst they already show significantly higher overall levels of cortisol, they also show reduced suppression of dexamethasone during the DST. This shows that the GRs are unresponsive to glucocorticoids, leading to the typical feature of glucocorticoid resistance in depressed patients. The Inflammation/Cytokine Hypothesis Glucocorticoid resistance has important implications for immune system function. Under normal acute stress, cortisol suppresses lymphocytes in peripheral tissue from producing pro-inflammatory cytokines by act ivating intracellular GRs and leading to transcription of downstream regulatory genes.Key targets of GR-mediated transcription related to immune function include the upregulation of anti-inflammatory genes annexin-1, IL-10 and I? B? (inhibits NF-? B) and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, such as IL1-6, 9, 11-13, 16-18 and TNF-?. However, glucocorticoid resistance following chronic stress can mean that lymphocytes stop responding to cortisol, so there is an increase in the proliferation of leukocytes and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.The proposed mechanism for how these peripherally-generated cytokines are able to affect the central nervous system (CNS) involves several pathways. These cytokines (IL-1? , TNF-? and IL-6) cannot typically diffuse across the blood-brain-barrier, but they can enter the CNS in regions of high BBB permeability or be actively transported across the BBB by endothelial cell transporters. Additionally, without crossing the BBB, cyt okines are able to activate endothelial cells to produce soluble factors (e. g.PG-E2) to indirectly activate neurons, as well as activating certain afferent neurons (e. g. the vagus nerve) that carry information to the CNS about the inflammation. In these ways, peripheral inflammation can cause typical changes in the CNS and ‘sickness behaviour’ seen in depressed patients: lethargy, anhedonia, reduced locomotor activity and sleep and weight disturbances. Support for this proposed mechanism comes from findings that clinically depressed patients show an abnormally high production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1? IL-6 and TNF-? ), cytokine-based immunotherapy often causes depression in cancer or hepatitis C patients and cytokine administration causes depressive behaviour in animal models. Reversal of this depressive behaviour can be seen by administration of anti-depressants, which target and reduce the inflammatory response in both patients and animal models. In a sim ilar fashion, anti-inflammatories such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors or omega-3 have strong anti-depressant effects on behaviour. Inflammation-Induced NeurodegenerationAnother approach to modelling stress-induced depression has focused on the controversial findings of clinically depressed patients show changes in volume of structural brain regions, including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior cingulated, prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. The mechanisms by which some brain regions, in particular the hippocampus as implicated in stress-induced depression, might decrease in volume appear to be a combination of both neurodegeneration (increased apoptosis of neurons) and a decrease in adult neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG).Stress-induced HPA hyper-activity may explain the atrophy seen in some brain regions of clinically depressed patients. Glucocorticoids stimulate the breakdown of tissue into glucose for the quick release of energy; therefore, ch ronically increased levels may result in brain tissue loss in regions where cortisol acts, such as the hippocampus. Furthermore, the link between stress, inflammation and an increase in oxidative stress may also explain a large portion of the neurodegeneration apparent in depression.Inflammation has been shown to increase oxidation and the fact that the CNS has no proper defence against oxidative damage makes it very vulnerable to oxidative stress (OS). This has been demonstrated as a key feature in neurodegenerative diseases and depression, implicating a causal role of stress-induced inflammation in triggering degeneration. The damage caused by OS can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, which can lead to further intracellular build up of damaging oxidised proteins.The only way for cells to cope in this situation is to activate programmed cell death (apoptosis), or in less controlled circumstances, necrosis can occur, leading to a decline in cell numbers and lateral effects on the ne ural network. This mechanism of oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration can be slowed down and treated by the application of antioxidant enzymes, which serve a neuro-protective role. These enzymes eradicate free radical oxidising particles and also suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine action.A further damaging feature seen in neurodegeneration and depression is nitrosative stress (NS), which may contribute to neurotoxicity and therefore cell death. An increase in the production of cortisol after acute stress will temporarily cause a suppression of neurogenesis in the DG. Neurogenesis in the DG has been demonstrated to be vital for healthy cognition and memory, impacting mood, the sleep-wake cycle and appetite; all affected in depression. Therefore, CMS leads to prolonged suppression of neurogenesis and may explain the behavioural outcomes typical of depression.The decrease in neurogenesis following exposure to stress may possibly involve the neurotrophin Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), shown to be greatly reduced in regions that also show a decrease in neurogenesis and related to brain regions typically affected in depression. Animal models exposed to CMS show decreased neurogenesis and BDNF levels in overlapping brain regions and elicit depressive behaviours associated with dysfunction of these regions. Furthermore, anti-depressant treatment that successfully increases BDNF levels also leads to recovery from depressive behavioural symptoms.However, the causation here is not clear; whether the BDNF levels dropping are a result of other stress-induced mechanisms or whether it is partly the cause of the behaviour. Some evidence suggests that anti-depressants can work independently of BDNF restoration. Hagen and colleagues set out to control for possible variables such as age, time of cortisol readings and overall brain volume. Whilst there has been no robust evidence for a link between baseline cortisol levels and hippocampal volume, this study did fi nd that hippocampal volume was negatively correlated with length of depressive episode pre-hospitalisation.Furthermore, better responsiveness (lowering of cortisol levels) after treatment was predicted by greater hippocampal volume (relative to overall brain volume). b) antineurogenic effects and reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels; and c) apoptosis with reduced levels of Bcl-2 and BAG1 (Bcl-2 associated athanogene 1), and increased levels of caspase-3. Stress-induced inflammation, e. g. increased IL-1? , but not reduced neurogenesis, is sufficient to cause depression. Antidepressants a) reduce peripheral and central inflammatory pathways by decreasing IL-1? TNF? and IL-6 levels; b) stimulate neuronal differentiation, synaptic plasticity, axonal growth and regeneration through stimulatory effects on the expression of different neurotrophic factors, e. g. trkB, the receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor; and c) attenuate apoptotic pathways by activating Bc l-2 and Bcl-xl proteins, and suppressing caspase-3. It is concluded that external stressors may provoke depression-like behaviours through activation of inflammatory, oxidative, apoptotic and antineurogenic mechanisms.The clinical efficacy of antidepressants may be ascribed to their ability to reverse these different pathways. Neuronal damage and apoptosis Activation of the Kynurenine Pathway (KP) 5-HT Accumulated evidence indicates a role of the hippocampal 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the response to stress and modulation of depression, but it is unclear whether and how the hippocampal 5-HT and NPY systems make contributions to chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression.Here we observed that rats receiving a variety of chronic unpredictable mild stressors for 3 weeks showed a variety of depression-like behavioral changes, including a significant reduction in body weight, sucrose preference, and locomotion, rearing and grooming in open fiel d test, and a significant increase in immobility time in forced swimming test. These CUMS-induced behavioral changes were suppressed or blocked by intra-hippocampal injection of 5-HT (31. 25 microg/microl) or NPY (10 microg/microl). These data suggest a critical role of reduced hippocampal 5-HT and NPY neurotransmission in CUMS-induced depression.

A Detective With Whoville Police Department - 805 Words

I am a Detective with Whoville Police Department. I have full police powers and investigate all cases within the city of Whoville. I investigate all crimes and have county and state recourses available for assistance. The first step in the investigation took place when the general manager of the D M food store called the police department to speak with someone in reference to possible employee theft. On February 2, 2016 at 1330 hours, I met with Hugh Downs. He explained to me that he suspected his part time assistant manager, Lowraine James of theft. As the detective assigned to the case, I immediately began an investigation. I asked if the food store had cameras that I could view to see if anything can be seen. I also inquired as to whether the computer history could be checked by appropriate IT personnel. On February 3, 2016, I began reviewing video footage of L. James’s work shift. While viewing the footage, I noticed over the course of James work shift, she would stash cash on the side of the cash register after ringing up several purchases from customers. At the end of her work shift while James was counting monies in the cash drawer, she would separate the money and place some of the money in a bank deposit bag and place the previously stashed cash in a brown paper bag. On several occasions, I also noticed when L. James worked an evening shift, she would carry a medium size box and place it in the trunk of her vehicle prior to the end of her work shift. This took